Section 4 of 5
What has to implement it
Antennas, front ends, chipsets and the physical limits.

A board with the shielding off — filters, switches and amplifiers, each band-specific.
Photo: Pixabay / Pexels
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Everything between the antenna and the chip
Filters, amplifiers and switches in the RF front end determine real performance more often than the baseband does, and they are band-specific.
Everything in Hardware
- Everything between the antenna and the chipFilters, amplifiers and switches in the RF front end determine real performance more often than the baseband does, and they are band-specific.
- More antennas, more pathsMIMO and MU-MIMO use multipath as a resource rather than a problem, and the antenna count in a device is a direct consequence.
- Radios designed to sleepBLE, Zigbee, Thread and LoRaWAN trade throughput for duty cycle, and each picked a different point on that curve for a stated reason.
- Power arriving through the antennaNFC and passive RFID draw their power from the reader's field, which is why range is measured in centimetres and why the tag can be a sticker.
The other four sections